kk Blog —— 通用基础


date [-d @int|str] [+%s|"+%F %T"]
netstat -ltunp
sar -n DEV 1

Linux 中的零拷贝技术 splice

http://hi.baidu.com/renguihuashi/item/ef71f8e28d74f5f22b09a415

linux下如何实现文件对拷呢?

最容易想到的方法就是,申请一份内存buf,read 源文件一段数据到buf,然后将此buf write到目标文件,示例代码如下:

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char buf[max_read];
off_t size = stat_buf.st_size;
while ( off_in < size ) {
	int len = size - off_in > max_read ? max_read : size - off_in;
	len = read(f_in, buf, len);
	off_in += len;
	write(f_out, buf, len);
}

还有一种大家都知道的方式,就是通过mmap实现,示例代码如下:

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size_t filesize = stat_buf.st_size;
source = mmap(0, filesize, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, f_in, 0);
target = mmap(0, filesize, PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, f_out, 0);
memcpy(target, source, filesize);

因为mmap不需要内核态和用户态的内存拷贝,效率大大提高。

本文还想介绍另外一种,是今天无意google到的,就是如标题所述,基于splice实现,splice是Linux 2.6.17新加入的系统调用,官方文档的描述是,用于在两个文件间移动数据,而无需内核态和用户态的内存拷贝,但需要借助管道(pipe)实现。大概原理就是通过pipe buffer实现一组内核内存页(pages of kernel memory)的引用计数指针(reference-counted pointers),数据拷贝过程中并不真正拷贝数据,而是创建一个新的指向内存页的指针。也就是说拷贝过程实质是指针的拷贝。示例代码如下:

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int pipefd[2];
pipe( pipefd );
int max_read = 4096;
off_t size = stat_buf.st_size;
while ( off_in < size ) {
	int len = size - off_in > max_read ? max_read : size - off_in;
	len = splice(f_in, &off_in, pipefd[1], NULL, len, SPLICE_F_MORE |SPLICE_F_MOVE);
	splice(pipefd[0], NULL, f_out, &off_out, len, SPLICE_F_MORE |SPLICE_F_MOVE);
}

使用splice一定要注意,因为其借助管道实现,而管道有众所周知的空间限制问题,超过了限制就会hang住,所以每次写入管道的数据量好严格控制,保守的建议值是一个内存页大小,即4k。另外,off_in和off_out传递的是指针,其值splice会做一定变动,使用时应注意。

splice kernel bug: https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=baff42ab1494528907bf4d5870359e31711746ae


http://ogris.de/howtos/splice.html

http://blog.csdn.net/eroswang/article/details/1999034

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1580923/how-can-i-use-linuxs-splice-function-to-copy-a-file-to-another-file

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EINVAL Target  file  system  doesn't  support  splicing; target file is
	opened in append mode; neither of the descriptors  refers  to  a
	pipe; or offset given for non-seekable device.

file to file sample

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#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	int pipefd[2];
	int result;
	FILE *in_file;
	FILE *out_file;
	char buff[65537];

	if (argc != 3) {
		printf("usage: ./client infile outfile\n");
		exit(0);
	}
	result = pipe(pipefd);

	in_file = fopen(argv[1], "rb");
	out_file = fopen(argv[2], "wb");

	off_t off_in = 0, off_out = 0;
	int len = 1024*1024*30;
	while (len > 0) {
		int size = 65536;
		if (len < size) size = len;
		len -= size;

		result = splice(fileno(in_file), &off_in, pipefd[1], NULL, size, SPLICE_F_MORE | SPLICE_F_MOVE);
		result = splice(pipefd[0], NULL, fileno(out_file), &off_out, size, SPLICE_F_MORE | SPLICE_F_MOVE);
		//printf("%d\n", result);

//          read(fileno(in_file), buff, size);
//          write(fileno(out_file), buff, size);
	}
	close(pipefd[0]);
	close(pipefd[1]);
	fclose(in_file);
	fclose(out_file);

	return 0;
}

more sample

splice sample

like:
file to socket
socket to file
socket to socket