kk Blog —— 通用基础

arch/x86/kernel/tsc.c:
开机初始化会调用tsc_init() -> set_cyc2ns_scale() 设置per_cpu变量cyc2ns、cyc2ns_offset。以供后面shced_clock()->native_sched_clock()->__cycles_2_ns()调用。

在cpufreq_tsc()中如果
//cpu具有稳定的tsc
if (boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_CONSTANT_TSC))
return 0;
所以一般不会注册time_cpufreq_notifier函数，也就不会再调用set_cyc2ns_scale。

• 现象：top、ps出来的TIME和CPU的值非常异常。

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// 查看TSC寄存器的值
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
	    unsigned long low, high, val;
	    asm volatile("rdtsc": "=a" (low), "=d" (high));
	    val = ((low) | ((unsigned long)(high) << 32));
	    printf("%lu\n", val);
	    return 0;
}

https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=733043

Xeon E5 has a bug, it doesn’t reset TSC on warm reboot, just keep it instead. see “BT81. X X X No Fix TSC is Not Affected by Warm Reset” http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/specification-updates/xeon-e5-family-spec-update.pdf

And also kernel 2.6.32 has a bug.
Xeon bug + kernel bug = hung after warm reboot (or kexec) after 208.5 days
since booting. So, administrators should shutdown it once at all, then
boot it again because “shutdown -r” causes hang up.

Red Hat has released a fix for this as kernel 2.6.32-220, 2.6.32-279
and 2.6.32-358 series (RHEL6.x) https://access.redhat.com/site/solutions/433883 (for detail subscriber only :-(

Attached patch is based on upstream patch.
see http://kernel.opensuse.org/cgit/kernel/patch/?id=9993bc635d01a6ee7f6b833b4ee65ce7c06350b1

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.1 (kernel-2.6.32-131.26.1.el6 and newer)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.2 (kernel-2.6.32-220.4.2.el6 and newer)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.3 (kernel-2.6.32-279 series)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.4 (kernel-2.6.32-358 series)
Any Intel® Xeon® E5, Intel® Xeon® E5 v2, or Intel® Xeon® E7 v2 series processor

From 9993bc635d01a6ee7f6b833b4ee65ce7c06350b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Salman Qazi <sqazi@google.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Mar 2012 00:41:01 +0000
Subject: sched/x86: Fix overflow in cyc2ns_offset

When a machine boots up, the TSC generally gets reset. However, when kexec is used to boot into a kernel, the TSC value would be carried over from the previous kernel. The computation of cycns_offset in set_cyc2ns_scale is prone to an overflow, if the machine has been up more than 208 days prior to the kexec. The overflow happens when we multiply *scale, even though there is enough room to store the final answer.

We fix this issue by decomposing tsc_now into the quotient and remainder of division by CYC2NS_SCALE_FACTOR and then performing the multiplication separately on the two components.

Refactor code to share the calculation with the previous fix in __cycles_2_ns().

Signed-off-by: Salman Qazi <sqazi@google.com>
Acked-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Paul Turner <pjt@google.com>
Cc: john stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20120310004027.19291.88460.stgit@dungbeetle.mtv.corp.google.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

patch： http://kernel.opensuse.org/cgit/kernel/patch/?id=9993bc635d01a6ee7f6b833b4ee65ce7c06350b1

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diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/timer.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/timer.h
index 431793e..34baa0e 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/timer.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/timer.h
@@ -57,14 +57,10 @@ DECLARE_PER_CPU(unsigned long long, cyc2ns_offset);
 
 static inline unsigned long long __cycles_2_ns(unsigned long long cyc)
 {
- unsigned long long quot;
- unsigned long long rem;
  int cpu = smp_processor_id();
  unsigned long long ns = per_cpu(cyc2ns_offset, cpu);
- quot = (cyc >> CYC2NS_SCALE_FACTOR);
- rem = cyc & ((1ULL << CYC2NS_SCALE_FACTOR) - 1);
- ns += quot * per_cpu(cyc2ns, cpu) +
-     ((rem * per_cpu(cyc2ns, cpu)) >> CYC2NS_SCALE_FACTOR);
+ ns += mult_frac(cyc, per_cpu(cyc2ns, cpu),
+         (1UL << CYC2NS_SCALE_FACTOR));
  return ns;
 }
 
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/tsc.c b/arch/x86/kernel/tsc.c
index a62c201..183c592 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/tsc.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/tsc.c
@@ -620,7 +620,8 @@ static void set_cyc2ns_scale(unsigned long cpu_khz, int cpu)
 
  if (cpu_khz) {
      *scale = (NSEC_PER_MSEC << CYC2NS_SCALE_FACTOR)/cpu_khz;
-     *offset = ns_now - (tsc_now * *scale >> CYC2NS_SCALE_FACTOR);
+     *offset = ns_now - mult_frac(tsc_now, *scale,
+                      (1UL << CYC2NS_SCALE_FACTOR));
  }
 
  sched_clock_idle_wakeup_event(0);
diff --git a/include/linux/kernel.h b/include/linux/kernel.h
index e834342..d801acb 100644
--- a/include/linux/kernel.h
+++ b/include/linux/kernel.h
@@ -85,6 +85,19 @@
 }                            \
 )
 
+/*
+ * Multiplies an integer by a fraction, while avoiding unnecessary
+ * overflow or loss of precision.
+ */
+#define mult_frac(x, numer, denom)(          \
+{                            \
+ typeof(x) quot = (x) / (denom);         \
+ typeof(x) rem  = (x) % (denom);         \
+ (quot * (numer)) + ((rem * (numer)) / (denom)); \
+}                            \
+)
+
+
 #define _RET_IP_     (unsigned long)__builtin_return_address(0)
 #define _THIS_IP_  ({ __label__ __here; __here: (unsigned long)&&__here; }) 

C语言中宽字符和多字节字符 MB_CUR_MAX

stdlib.h
MB_CUR_MAX 当前locale中多字节字符的最大字节数目
如果把字符串当成多字节字符处理会慢很多
sort命令的一些版本中会根据locale中的LANG来设置比较函数，如果没设置好会导致sort跑的很慢。

内核栈溢出

因为内核栈中栈底保存thread_info，所以如果内核栈溢出会破坏thread_info，这样当进程发生睡眠、中断、抢占等调度时就会出错。
容易报try_to_wakeup+XXX错误，等等

定时器 timer 注意

如果mod_timer设置成马上执行，然后下面又是setup_timer。
有可能的情况是：进入了中断执行过程，可是setup_timer又改变timer结构，导致继续执行时用到timer结构出错。

查看内核栈

用 echo t > /proc/sysrq-trigger 把内核栈整个打出来。
可以看/proc/{pid}/wchan，里面是该进程阻塞位置的内核函数名，在所有办法都没戏的时候可以看它。

mark

修复ext4日志（jbd2）bug
rhel6再次发现jbd2的bug
rhel6 的软RAID问题
stable pages
追踪CPU跑满

1、下载Oracle VM VirtualBox Extension Pack。下载网址如下：

https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads

2、安装Oracle VM VirtualBox Extension Pack

安装外部扩展包很简单

第一：打开Oracle VirtualBox，在菜单栏中找到“管理”–>“全局设定”

第二：打开“全局设定”，参考下图：

第三：“Extension Packages”中添加下载的Oracle VM VirtualBox Extension Pack，根据提示安装即可，

然后虚拟机就能用摄像头了